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Esterification of a carboxylic acid

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Submitted: July 25, 2012, published: April 3, 2013

Authors

Suzanne Elizabeth Howson (s.e.howson@warwick.ac.uk)

A contribution from 

Reaction Scheme

Chemicals

2-Pyrazinecarboxaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich)
Thionyl chloride (Sigma-Aldrich)
Dry methanol - dried by heating to reflux for 3 d under dinitrogen over calcium hydride and degassed before use. Stored in glass ampoules under argon.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (Fisher Scientific)
DCM (Fisher Scientific)
Sodium sulfate (Fisher Scientific)

Procedure

Dry methanol (240 ml) was transferred into a round bottomed Schlenk using a cannula and was cooled to 0°C using an ice/water bath. Thionyl chloride (13 ml, 21.41 g, 0.18 mol, 1.1 eq.) was added via syringe over 10 min under argon. After stirring at 0°C for 15 min, 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid (20.00 g, 0.16 mol, 1eq.) was added slowly as a solid. The round bottomed Schlenk was then fitted with a condenser and N2 bubbler and heated to 60°C for 2 h (solution turns light green in colour). After cooling to ambient temperature, a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate (29 g, 0.35 mol) in water (280 ml) was added slowly (solution turns yellow-orange in colour). The solution was transferred to a round bottomed flask and the methanol (but not the water) was removed using a rotary evaporator with a water bath held at 45°C. The water layer was then extracted using DCM (3 × 100 ml). The combined DCM layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent removed to leave a white solid. Mass = 19.06 g, 0.138 mol, 86 %.

Author Comments

In the lead reference the crude product was recrystallised but I found the crude product to be of very high purity. Omitting this step led to a yield of 86% rather than 66% reported after recrystallisation.

Data

1H NMR (400 MHz, 298 K, CDCl3) δH 9.31 (1H, d, 4JHH = 1.5 Hz, Py), 8.76 (1H, d, 3JHH = 2.5 Hz, Py), 8.71 (1H, m, Py), 4.03 (3H, s, CH3).

13C{1H} NMR (100 MHz, 298 K, CDCl3) δC 164.5 (C=O), 147.9 (Py), 146.4 (Py), 144.5 (Py), 143.4 (Py), 53.3 (CH3).

Lead Reference

Chem. Commun., 2007, 3957-3959 (SI)

Supplementary Information

Keywords

aromatics/arenes, carboxylic acids, esterification, esters, nucleophilic, substitution